160 manufacturers · 18,987 products

The UHBS2 is the next generation round LED high-bay. The innovative and high efficiency UHBS2 can be used in any indoor setting. With 3 power levels, 5 CCT and 3 optical distributions, the UHBS2 gives you the ultimate flexibility for any application. Our fixture has a 120-347 volt operating range and 0-10V dimming, including contractor friendly features such as a universal hook and 3/4" hub mount for install and a plug-and-play sensor port for added energy savings benefits. Built to last, the Metalux UHBS2 is NEMA 4X, IP65 and NSF listed with an IK08 polycarb lens, die cast housing, and 6kV surge protection.

The CGTS Selectable Panel LED series is the contractor go-to selectable back-lit panel providing customers an affordable, low glare panel that fits in shallow plenums with room to spare. Offering both selectable lumens and selectable color the CGTS is flexible for any commercial space. Acrylic micro optics provide uniform illumination from corner to corner. It's back-lit, durable design provides immediate opportunities to replace fluorescent fixtures with a LED solution and reduce inventory on shelf with (9) skus in (1). The CGTS Flat Panel LED is an excellent lighting solution for commercial office spaces, schools, healthcare and retail merchandising areas.

The Metalux MicroBay is a configurable LED linear lowbay that integrates precise optical designs to create a high-performance luminaire that works in multiple spaces by delivering lower lighting power densities at higher mounting heights. The MB features lumen and CCT select, performance up to 21,000 lumen, multiple distributions, integrated sensor and wireless IoT capabilities. Installed as a single light line or continuous-row system, the MicroBay is an expression of a true linear bay design for commercial, industrial, warehouse/distribution and retail applications.

The CGRK panel retrofit kit is the go-to kit for projects requiring energy savings, simple installation and optional WaveLinx controls. Offering both selectable lumens and selectable color, the CGRK is the ideal fixture for retrofit applications for schools, hospitals and many other facilities.

Introducing the versatile and easy to install round LED high-bay, the Metalux EZBY! Experience up to 30,000 lumens of adaptable brightness with three selectable CCT options in the new EZBY high-bay. Designed for convenience, EZBY is sensor-ready and includes a 6ft cord, mounting ring, and robust IP65 rating. Whether optimizing warehouse flow or upgrading general lighting, the EZBY offers an easy, efficient, and cost-effective solution for your lighting needs.

The CZL is a Linear Bay LED Lighting System that comes in various lumen packages and configurations, offering customer-focused features and benefits such as integrated controls, uplight, several lensing options, louvers and adjustable mounting. The high performance, lighting distribution and linear design allows the CZL to fit a broad range of open-ceiling or suspended applications, including Big Box Retail, Office, Schools, Warehouse, and light Industrial.

The SLSTP LED strip series balances performance, aesthetics, and cost and comes in 8’, 4’ and 2’ lengths. Designed with decorative endcaps, junction box cover, tool-less channel cover, single frosted lens (no tandem breaks), CCT / lumen select and dedicated CCT options, the SLSTP is the right choice for stock and design build applications. Models are DLC listed to enable rebates for maximized payback. The SLSTP can be suspended, surface or wall mounted and is suitable for single or continuous row installations.

The Surround is a modern illuminated fixture that elevates the look of any commercial space. The Surround illuminated frame comes standard with (4) selectable CCT's in 80+CRI and is offered with (3) selectable lumen packages in low, medium, and high. The innovative 1.5" wide ribbed lens design delivers a smooth fully luminous aesthetic matching light distribution from standard troffers and panels. The Surround uses the existing T-grid and ceiling tile or can be suspended and comes in (5) different form factors making it a perfect solution for upgrading a variety of spaces. The Surround illuminated slim LED is a great modern solution for commercial spaces like college campuses, modern offices, and conference rooms.

The MMS Multi-Mount Selectable Panel is a versatile selectable panel that can mount directly to the ceiling or wall without the cost and labor of a surface mount kit. In addition, it can be recessed or suspended (with kit) to make it the "go to" panel for any mounting requirement. The MMS comes standard with (5) selectable CCT in the more decorative smaller form factors and (3) selectable CCT in the more commercial larger form factors- all in standard 90 CRI superior color quality. The innovative backlit design delivers a smooth fully luminous lens and offers a intuitive snap and lock design that allows the contractor positive assurance when installing. The Multi-Mount panel is a great solution for commercial spaces like schools, offices, multi-dwelling, and healthcare spaces where mounting directly to the ceiling or wall is required.

The Achieva™ Recessed Selectable troffer offers selectable lumen output and color temperature with a simple, easy to access toggle switch. The ultra slim 1.5" design fits into the shallowest of plenums and offers an upgraded center basket aesthetic. The Achieva™ is constructed with Cooper Lighting's latest selectable technology platform and delivers unprecedented light level and CCT flexibility, energy savings, slim housing design, and sustainable packaging options priced to win. The Achieva™ Recessed Selectable is an ideal choice for schools, offices, hospitals, and retail merchandising areas.

The SPHB is a compact, dual lensed high bay with a durable IK10 construction including lumen and CCT select features. Sensor ready, the SPHB delivers 12,000, 18,000, and 24,000 lumens in one single housing, making inventory complexity a thing of the past. In addition, the SPHB also offers up to 60,000 lumens for those higher mounting applications and (HA) high ambient rating. The dual lensing with superior optical control delivers optimal performance while reducing high angle glare and precision optics offered in Narrow, Medium, or Wide distribution.

The Achieva Wrap Selectable is a versatile commercial grade wrap solution suitable for ceiling, wall, or suspension mounting and matches up great with the Achieva Recessed Selectable portfolio. The AWS (5.5") and AWWS (10.5") are offered in 2’, 4’, and 8’ lengths along with selectable color options of 3500K, 4000K, or 5000K or 3000K, 3500K, and 4000K. The Achieva Wrap also offers selectable lumen options, with up to 13,000 lumens, in both 80 and 90 CRI. The Achieva Wrap delivers high performance lighting for stairwells, corridors, and low bay industrial spaces.

The APVTS LED series is contractor grade industrial luminaire that combines the rugged, wet location rated construction of a vaportite with selectable CCT and lumen output. The APVTS comes in 4ft and 8ft sizes, performance up to 11,500 lumen, 120-277V multi-volt input, emergency back-up and sensor options. The linear form, sealed and gasketed housing and high impact polycarbonate lens makes the APVTS fit for interior and exterior applications such as parking garages, canopy, warehouse, and light commercial environments.

The Metalux SNX series is a fully configurable LED commercial striplight that is a versatile, elegant, high-performance luminaire offered in three versions (base and lens). The SNX provides application flexibility with selectable lumens and CCT, performance up to 22,000 lumen, multiple distributions and integrated sensor and wireless IoT capabilities that meet local and DLC compliance. These features make the SNX suitable for general area lighting, storage/utility areas, coves, shops, task, high bay and low bay lighting in commercial, industrial and retail applications

The RBG is an elegant 4 inch aperture fixture family designed to please architects, engineers, contractors and designers. Available in three fixed lengths, RBG can be recessed, surface or suspension mounted and strategically placed throughout the space to create pleasing illumination and appealing topology in rows or individual placement. A selectable switch comes standard with three selectable lumen levels and three selectable color temperatures, providing RBG the flexibility to adapt to the changing needs of the space, setting, or environment. Customer applications include open and traditional offices, classrooms, coves, corridors, retail or anywhere stylish lines of light are desired.

The LBLED is a lensed low bay solution optimized for linear applications with two optical distributions - symmetric and asymmetric. Utilizing the latest in LED technology, the LBLED low bay LED light is designed for optimal performance and maximum energy efficiency. The robust construction, high impact lens, and multiple lumen packages makes the LBLED ideal for lighting dock bays and indoor perimeter applications. Available in either stand alone or continuous row mounting.

The CGTS NUV Backlit Panel LED series is the contractor go-to panel providing customers an affordable, low glare panel that fits in shallow plenums with room to spare along with the flexibility of Selectable CCTs and Lumen Output and a 120-347V driver. Acrylic micro optics provide uniform illumination from corner to corner. It's back-lit, durable design provides immediate opportunities to replace fluorescent fixtures with a LED solution. The CGTS NUV Backlit Panel LED is an excellent lighting solution for commercial office spaces, schools, healthcare and retail merchandising areas.

The WNLED series is a versatile utility based, classic LED wraparound series which can be used in a broad range of commercial, schools, institutional, retail and residential applications. This high quality luminaire series utilizes the latest solid state LED lighting and advanced electronic driver technology which provides optimal lighting performance and maximizing energy savings. WNLED is designed to provide long service life eliminating re-lamping issues and minimizing maintenance common with traditional fluorescent.

The FPanel LED flat panel series provides premium performance and pleasing aesthetics. The luminaire is optimized for shallow plenum grid ceilings but may also be surface mounted and the 2x2 can be suspension mounted. Developed using the latest generation of solid-state components and electronic driver technologies, these LED panels are ideal for both new construction and renovation. The LED panel’s refined visual optics, superior acrylic light guide and integrated grid retention clips provide the features needed for installation, speed and flexibility. The FPanel LED flat panel lighting series is an excellent solution for commercial office spaces, schools, healthcare facilities and retail merchandising areas.

The CGSB service from below panel is a perfect solution where the aesthetically pleasing look of a fully luminous panel is desired, but serviceability access from below the ceiling is required. The CGSB is fully configurable, allowing for flexibility in design for light levels, color temperatures, dimming options to 1%, connected control systems, emergency and much more. Additionally, CGSB leverages a housing design to fit into most plenum spaces making it a great solution for K-12 schools, general healthcare spaces like lobbies, corridors, and any other space that requires a simple wipe down lens with accessibility from below. The CGSB delivers the perfect combination of a smooth frosted panel with the feature of a room side access door to meet any service from below specification requirements.

SSRK LED Surface Strip Retrofit Kit is a lighting solution for customers looking to upgrade their fluorescent luminaires to a high performing LED system. The SSRK is engineered for simple and quick installation making it easy to convert to LED where existing fixtures are installed with fixed conduit. Customers can easily and inexpensively retrofit “pipe & wire” installation in industrial, warehousing, and retail applications where it is very labor intensive to remove an existing fluorescent fixture.

SWLED is a connected LED surface or wall mount luminaire which can be used in a broad range of commercial and industrial applications. This series delivers high quality illumination with the latest solid state lighting and electronic driver technology for optimal performance and maximized energy efficiency. Offered with three different lens distributions and six different sensor options the SWLED is an ideal choice for general purpose lighting where customers want to maximize energy efficiency or take full control of the space with enterprise-level connected sensors.

The SkyRidge™ Series sets a new industry standard by offering an aesthetically pleasing, yet affordable LED alternative to fluorescent fixtures. Patented WaveStream™ technology provides unmatched optical performance, efficiency and unique visual style. SkyRidge delivers a distinct blend of technology and beauty, making it the natural choice for today’s commercial environments.

The Metalux WP utility LED wrap light is a DLC compliant fixture designed to retrofit and replace fluorescent wraparound lights. The WP has a compact, low-profile design, prismatic lens and post-painted steel exterior. Standard features include prismatic acrylic lens, surface or suspended mount features, universal voltage cold-start driver, and five year warranty. These features make the WP a combination of quality and value that can be used in most commercial, educational, residential, corridor, stairway, multi-use or utility applications.

The FPX provides the high performance and aesthetic appeal of a flat panel while also being optimized for integrated sensors, emergency battery packs and multiple control options. The low-profile design is ideal for shallow plenum grid ceilings or surface mounting. The integrated grid clips enable installation speed and flexibility. FPX is an excellent lighting solution for commercial office spaces, schools, healthcare and retail merchandising areas.

RSRK LED Recessed Strip Retrofit Kits is a series of products developed to convert recessed linear products to LED while improving the lighting in the existing space. The RSRK is engineered for simple and quick installation and offers customers the opportunity to retrofit from fluorescent to LED affordablly and efficiently.

The Metalux AP Shoplight is an extruded aluminum integrated LED fixture that comes with a 120V grounded cord & plug. The APSHP replaces 2 or 3-lamp fluorescent shoplights or strips, and is well suited for work benches, counters, work-shops, studios, and storage areas where general task lighting is needed. The APSHP includes mounting hardware and on/off pull chain for easy installation and operation. The APSHP is UL-listed with LEDs rated to 50,000 life-hours and backed by a 3-year warranty.

The new Steeler LED High Bay is the energy efficient solution for both low bay and high bay applications. Designed with precision optics, the Steeler delivers industry leading performance utilizing the latest in LED technology. The Steeler’s durable and compact design provides quick and easy installation for retrofitting outdated HID and linear fluorescent high bays.

The Cruze™ ST LED series combines latch-less design, matte white paint after fabrication and frosted acrylic lens to deliver architectural appeal at unmatched price. This high performance LED troffer is constructed with Cooper Lighting's latest technology platform and delivers unprecedented energy savings, visual comfort and aesthetics at an incredible value. Cruze ST offers premium finishes and clean lines making it an ideal choice for commercial office spaces, schools, hospitals, and retail merchandising areas.

The narrow body Linear Bay has been optimized to provide maximum performance utilizing the latest in LED technology and is available in twelve different lumen packages. Offered in narrow and wide distributions with multiple shielding options, the Linear Bay is suitable for a wide range of applications including “big box” retail, grocery, gymnasiums, light industrial, warehouse, and manufacturing.

The SkyBar WaveStream™ High Bay Series reimagines high bay and low bay lighting with distinctive aesthetics, istandard uplight and exceptional optical performance. Multiple lumen packages and distributions provide design freedom for a wide variety of lighting applications. With patented WaveStream technology, SkyBar high bay luminaires deliver a stylish LED alternative to traditional fluorescent and HID lighting in both commercial and industrial environments.

The VHB is designed for a wide variety of applications and mounting heights with a balance of fixture performance and affordability. Precision designed optics, multiple distributions, lumen outputs and color temperatures make the VHB ideal for industrial, commercial, manufacturing, gymnasium and other applications that utilize traditional linear fluorescent and HID high bays.

The new LHBS is a lumen and CCT Select LED lensed high bay luminaire designed for multiple industrial applications. The compact diecast form makes the LHBS both durable and an easy, one-person installation. The LHBS is offered in three sizes with selectable CCT and delivered performance from 12,000 up to 36,000 lumens. The optical lens delivers high efficacy and reduces high angle glare. Use the LHBS as an energy-efficient one-for-one replacement for linear fluorescent and HID fixtures in warehouse, manufacturing, gymnasium, and big box/retail applications.

The HBLED delivers industry-leading performance and reliability for a vairety of high-bay applications. Precision designed optics, multiple distributions, lumen outputs and color temperatures make the HBLED ideal for industrial, commercial, manufacturing, gymnasium and other applications that utilize traditional HID and linear fluorescent high bays. The proprietary low-power, low-brightness LED module assembly offers exceptional optical performance with the enhanced benefits of LED lighting, including energy savings, extended system life, a reduced carbon footprint.

SNLED is a linear commercial LED striplight series which offers breakthrough fixture efficiency and control versatility. Offered in three different versions (base, lensed and reflector), the SNLED provides application flexibility of a traditional striplight with cutting-edge LED performance. Developed with standard 0 to 10V dimmability to 10% with options for 1%, Fifth Light™ and step dimming, the series provides further improved energy savings and is the ideal choice for linear applications. The small size of the SNLED makes it an ideal choice for size restricted architectural applications. The SNLED Series is well suited for commercial, industrial, retail and residential applications. Fixtures can be used in general area lighting, storage/utility areas, coves, displays, shops, tasks and in warehouses for high bay and low bay applications.

The CGTX series is a fully configurable LED panel designed for today’s world of increasingly complex lighting and control needs. CGTX offers comprehensive solutions including integrated controls, emergency, high lumen output, 90+ CRI and 1% dimming options. Its low profile back-lit design ensures uniform illumination that fits shallow plenums with room to spare. The CGTX is part of the robust CGT family series and ideal for schools, offices, general healthcare, and other commercial spaces.

WSNLED is a premium featured, classic styled LED wraparound series which can be used in a broad range of office, healthcare, retail and institutional applications. This newly designed high quality luminaire utilizes Eaton's latest solid state lighting and electronic driver technologies offering superior aesthetics, optimal optical performance and energy efficiency. Premium optical materials are combined with frosted acrylic lens to provide even, clean illumination. This premium optical system eliminates lamp image commonly associated with traditional fluorescent solutions. Whether surface or suspended, the WSNLED series is an ideal choice for specifications where a premium aesthetic is required.

GR is a recessed lensed LED troffer series which offers a high quality luminaire dedicated with the latest solid state lighting and electronic driver technology for optimal performance and energy efficiency. The GR is compatible with all of today’s popular ceiling systems and is available with a number of shielding options and accessories for application versatility.The GR series features efficiency, quality and performance. The series is an excellent choice for commercial office spaces, schools, hospitals or retail merchandising areas.

The VT4S LED Series is an energy efficient industrial Vaportite fixture that features rugged and durable construction. The VT4S incorporates a sealed and gasketed, reinforced fiberglass housing with a high impact diffuser. This VT4S optical performance is ideal for interior and exterior applications including food processing, manufacturing, low bay and high bay applications, and complex environments.

The RLN LED Series blends modern styling with an innovative optical design to deliver leading-edge performance and energy savings. This innovative, high quality luminaire is dedicated to the latest solid state lighting and driver technology. RLN's perfect balance of form and function and fully luminous center panel make it an ideal choice for commercial office spaces, schools, hospitals and retail merchandising areas.

The Metalux VT2 LED Series is an energy efficient industrial Vaportite fixture that features rugged and durable construction. The VT2 LED incorporates a full metal tray and heat sink inside a reinforced sealed and gasketed fiberglass housing with a high impact diffuser. This Vaportite series is suitable for interior and exterior applications and can be surface, chain, cable or stem mounted.

The SLSTP-NUV strip balances performance, aesthetics, and cost to deliver a slim, linear luminaire. The SLSTP-NUV comes in 8’, 4’ and 2’ lengths. Designed with decorative endcaps, junction box cover, tool-less channel cover, single frosted lens (no tandem breaks), selectable lumens or CCT, the SLSTP is the right choice for stock and design build applications. Models are DLC listed with 120 through 347V driver and 0-10V dimming to enable rebates for maximum payback. The SLSTP-NUV can be suspended, surface or wall mounted and made for single or continuous row installations.

The Metalux Encounter™ Series redefines ambient lighting by blending contemporary styling with Cooper's proprietary WaveStream™ technology. The result is exceptional performance and superior energy savings – all at an affordable price. The highly efficient LED system with advanced optical design delivers optimal light uniformity, resulting in soft, natural light for superior visual comfort. Encounter is a perfect balance of form and function, making it an ideal choice for commercial interiors.

The Metalux SLES socket-fit light engine is a TLED striplight that provides an affordable, energy savings solution over traditional fluorescent lighting. All Metalux SLES come with 4' TLED lamps in 3500K, 4000K, and 5000K CCT options. Designed for retrofit and new construction, the SLES uses flip-up sockets, snap-in channel connector and cover for faster installation time, while replaceable TLED lamps lower overall lifetime maintenance costs. The SLES striplight comes in 4' and 8' lengths and is Ideal for retail environments with large, open ceilings.

Metalux WSL - Linear with WaveStream™ technology series redefines linear ambient lighting by offering a balance of the modern contemporary styling with the innovative WaveStream technology to deliver exceptional performance and superior energy savings. WSL’s highly efficient LED system with advance optical design delivers an unparalleled combination of optimal light uniformity for enhanced visual comfort. These exceptional performing Accu-Aim™ optics allow for maximum energy savings while achieving desired light levels.

The CGT Flat Panel LED series is the contractor go-to panel providing customers an affordable, low glare panel that fits in shallow plenums with room to spare. Acrylic micro optics provide uniform illumination from corner to corner. It's back-lit, durable design provides immediate opportunities to replace fluorescent fixtures with a LED solution. The CGT Flat Panel LED is an excellent lighting solution for commercial office spaces, schools, healthcare and retail merchandising areas.

The Metalux Accord™ LED Series combines optimal illumination design and contemporary styling with Cooper's Linear LED Platform. Accord’s high performance LED system with advanced light distribution and attractive appearance deliver unprecedented energy savings, comfort and aesthetics. And, it simplifies installation and maintenance with a tool-less design.

SRL is a linear LED surface, wall or suspension mount luminaire with multiple sensor control options integrated for use in a broad range of commercial and industrial applications. This series utilizes the latest LED systems, electronic drivers and sensing technologies to simplify the installation and maximize efficiency. Integrated sensors are installed, tested and suitable for use with wired and wireless systems. Offered with three different lenses and distributions, this series provides uniformity of light and sensor coverage making it a versatile choice for general and special purpose lighting.

The GRLED is a ideal balance between leading-edge LED performance and value based lighting. This new competitive LED lensed troffer series is built and designed for general purpose lighting applications. With multiple LED lens options, GRLED can provide the optimal spacing, energy efficiency and optical control. Additionally, GRLED leverages our shallow, low profile housing so it is compatible with even highly restrictive plenums and today’s most common ceiling systems. GRLED is a great choice for commercial offices, schools, hospitals, retail merchandising and many other applications. Certain airborne contaminants can diminish the integrity of acrylic components. Refer to the Material Compatibility tables for additional information.

The FPS provides the high performance and aesthetic appeal of a flat panel while also providing the flexibility to adapt to the changing needs of the space, setting, or environment. A selectable switch comes standard with three selectable lumen levels and three selectable color temperatures, The low-profile design is ideal for shallow plenum grid ceilings or surface mounting. The integrated grid clips enable installation speed and flexibility. FPS is an excellent lighting solution for commercial office spaces, schools, healthcare and retail merchandising areas.

BCLED is a versatile LED wall or ceiling mount series which can be used in a broad range of commercial and industrial applications. This series provides customers with a high quality luminaire utilizing the latest LED, solid state lighting and electronic driver technology for optimal performance and maximized energy efficiency. With a traditional opal white lens, the BCLED produces a 180 degree, uniform light distribution that is an ideal choice for general purpose lighting where customers want to move away from traditional fluorescent solutions.

The Lanterra 1000 Series of Accent & Flood luminaires offer incredible versatility in a highly durable construction to fit a wide range of applications. Available in three sizes 1002 (2.5"), 1003 (3.25"), and 1004 (4.25") the light heads mount via a rear center swivel with a 180° tilt and 340° rotation range allowing you to illuminate each layer of foliage, focal points, and façades in your environment. Specify the mounting option and optics to best fit your application, and fine tune light output with up to two optical accessories at a time.

Westwood 904 and 904-2 are small dimmable LED or MR16 low-voltage halogen luminaires. Model 904 provides downlight or uplight by way of its 180° rotational fixture head. Model 904-2 provides combination uplight and downlight. A square shroud option (-SQS) is available in both models, offering rectilinear styling instead of cylindrical. Both models mount directly to any wall surface or over a standard 4-inch J-box and require a remote 12-volt step-down transformer (not included). Various lenses, louvers, and color or dichroic filters can be combined – up to three at once – to create multiple lighting effects. Lumiere’s exclusive Siphon Protection System (S.P.S.) prevents water from siphoning into the fixture through its own lead wires.

Rio architectural step lights provide beauty, performance and durability. Transitional styling, low profile design and no visible fasteners provide seamless integration with architectural styles of all kinds. Logical, modular design elements facilitate fast and foolproof installation in all types of wall surfaces including drywall, concrete pour or brick/masonry. All models include IP68 rated outdoor protection, but are also suitable for indoor wall-mounted applications, including those with direct insulation contact (IC). All models are ADA compliant.

The Lanterra 9000 Wall Cylinder Series is a premium line of architechtural wall luminaires. The three available models span three diameters, 2.5", 3.25", and 4.25" to fit the scale and light level most appropriate for a wide range of applications. Line voltage input can be managed with integral or remote drivers while always having the ability to cover a 4" junction box. After installation, the light output can be fine tuned as needed with field interchangeable optics and up to two optical accessories.

Rio architectural step lights provide beauty, performance and durability. Transitional styling, low profile design and no visible fasteners provide seamless integration with architectural styles of all kinds. Logical, modular design elements facilitate fast and foolproof installation in all types of wall surfaces including drywall, concrete pour or brick/masonry. All models include IP68 rated outdoor protection, but are also suitable for indoor wall-mounted applications, including those with direct insulation contact (IC). All models are ADA compliant.

Add a touch of flair with Lightway’s ceiling mount globe fixture. Available in sizes ranging from 12 to 18 inches in diameter with a vandal resistant white smooth acrylic globe and your choice of several powder coated finishes for the canopy, to match your design goals. Perfect companion piece to Lightway’s WWXH pendent mount fixture.

Extruded Aluminum UL wet listed LED flood light ideally suited for sign or accent lighting.

Handspun metal endcaps cover an extruded frosted acrylic cylinder.

Unique Mission style design that emphasizes simple horizontal and vertical lines and flat panels are key architectural components.